The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) uses meteor scatter extensively in its SNOTEL system. To date, this approach has not been tried experimentally, so far as is known. This improves the gain, allowing much improved data rates. ![]() The basic concept is to use backscattered signals to pinpoint the exact location of the ion trail and direct the antenna to that spot, or in some cases, several trails simultaneously. While satellites may have a nominal throughput about 14 times as great, they are vastly more expensive to operate.Īdditional gains in throughput are theoretically possible through the use of real-time steering. Using phase-steerable antennas directed at the proper area of the sky for any given time of day, in the direction where the Earth is moving "forward", AMBCS was able to greatly improve the data rates, averaging 4 kilobits per second (kbit/s). Ī more recent study is the Advanced Meteor Burst Communications System (AMBCS), a testbed set up by SAIC under DARPA funding. Air Force installed the Alaska Air Command MBC system in the 1970s, although it is not publicly known whether this system is still operational. In the late 1970s it became clear that the satellites were not as universally useful as originally thought, notably at high latitudes or where signal security was an issue. Meteor burst communications faded from interest with the increasing use of satellite communications systems starting in the late 1960s. COMET maintained an average throughput between 115 and 310 bits per second, depending on the time of year. COMET became operational in 1965, with stations located in the Netherlands, France, Italy, West Germany, the United Kingdom, and Norway. One of the first major deployments was "COMET" ( COmmunication by MEteor Trails), used for long-range communications with NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe headquarters. The system was used operationally starting in 1952, and provided useful communications until the radar project was shut down around 1960. A 90 MHz "carrier" signal was monitored for sudden increases in signal strength, signalling a meteor, which triggered a burst of data. Their project, "JANET" (named for Janus, who looked both ways), sent bursts of data pre-recorded on magnetic tape from their radar research station in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan to Toronto, a distance exceeding 2,000 km. The first serious effort to utilize this technique was carried out by the Canadian Defence Research Board in the early 1950s. Studies conducted in the early 1950s by the National Bureau of Standards and the Stanford Research Institute had limited success at actually using this as a medium. In 1946 the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) found a direct correlation between enhancements in VHF radio signals and individual meteors. In 1944, while researching a radar system that was "pointed up" to detect the V-2 missiles falling on London, James Stanley Hey confirmed that the meteor trails were in fact reflecting radio signals. The next year Schafer and Goodall noted that the atmosphere was disturbed during that year's Leonid meteor shower, prompting Skellett to postulate that the mechanism was reflection or scattering from electrons in meteor trails. ![]() ![]() Skellett was studying ways to improve night-time radio propagation, and suggested that the oddities that many researchers were seeing were due to meteors. At the same time, Bell Labs researcher A. In 1931, Greenleaf Pickard noticed that bursts of long-distance propagation occurred at times of major meteor showers. The earliest direct observation of interaction between meteors and radio propagation was reported in 1929 by Hantaro Nagaoka of Japan. Because these ionization trails only exist for fractions of a second to as long as a few seconds, they create only brief windows of opportunity for communications. The distance over which communications can be established is determined by the altitude at which the ionization is created, the location over the surface of the Earth where the meteoroid is falling, the angle of entry into the atmosphere, and the relative locations of the stations attempting to establish communications. The frequencies that can be reflected by any particular ion trail are determined by the intensity of the ionization created by the meteor, often a function of the initial size of the particle, and are generally between 30 MHz and 50 MHz. The ionization trails can be very dense and thus used to reflect radio waves. When these meteoroids begin to burn up, they create a glowing trail of ionized particles (called a meteor) in the E layer of the atmosphere that can persist for up to several seconds. As the Earth moves along its orbital path, millions of particles known as meteoroids enter the Earth's atmosphere every day, a small fraction of which have properties useful for point-to-point communication.
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